Firearm injuries in rural Saudi Arabia: incidence, patterns, management, and cost

Firearms in peace time and non military conflict areas cause near 1.2 million deaths and injure more than 10 million people annually worldwide (Rawson 2002). Statistical analysis from the Geneva Declaration 2006 source shown that about 1000 people each are killed each day and hundreds of thousands are wounded. There is no reduction in the violent usage of small firearms and a number of victims and related injuries as estimated by international studies (Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat 2006; Geneva Declaration 2008; Bringing the Global Gun Crisis Under Control 2006).

It is estimated that about 75% of 875 million firearms in the world are in the hands of the civilian population (Karp 2007).

Thus, there are more guns in the world than passenger vehicles by near 29%. Each year, more firearms and ammunition are manufactured enough to shoot every person in the world twice with an estimated legal international trade exceeding the US$7 billion each year (Renner 2008).

According to the Global Status Report on firearm incidents, it is one of the leading causes of mortality and remains a significant mechanism of fatality and disabling injuries after motor vehicle accidents (MVA) and industrial-related injuries among trauma events (Miller et al. 2002).

Peace time gunshot injuries due to domestic violence or unintended firearm “accidents,” as a result of playing with firearms of air guns, are relatively rare in Saudi Arabian communities compare to the USA, Europe, South America, most African countries, and other Middle East regions. This is mostly attributed to the strict gun laws in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

Studies by the University of Sydney international research on Gun Policy Facts shown that the number of estimated privately owned firearms held by civilians in Saudi Arabia has a rate of 35.0 per 100 of population. In 2007, a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries indicated that Saudi Arabia is ranked at no.16 (www.GunPolicy.org, The University of Sydney international research on Gun Policy Facts). At the same time, according to Waiselfiz 2015, the rate of all gun-related deaths in KSA is 82/100,000 (Waiselfiz 2015).

Firearm injuries are a significant cause of disability and mortality, with a higher prevalence both in developing countries and to develop ones depending on the gun’s access, law, and regulations as well as cultural specifics (Streib et al. 2007). Among the other developed countries, Saudi Arabia is ranked as one of the lowest in firearm personal possession with strict country gun law regulations, compared to the other developed countries such as in Europe and North America (Christoffel 2007).

Although the human cost as a result of firearm-related deaths and injuries in KSA is significantly low, compare to motor vehicle accidents (MVA), which claim an extremely high annual cost of 6 billion US dollars, it has not been calculated for firearm injuries (Al-Atawi et al. 2014).

The Saudi Arabian Law has mandated that firearm acquisition must be limited to public. However, at this stage, there is no unified registry of firearm-related deaths and injuries established in KSA. There is a necessity for efforts to document and audit firearm-related injuries data to exclude discrepancies between police records and information available from health system. Although reports of firearm deaths and related injuries in some areas of KSA exist in medical literature, the number of such reports is small. Majority of the civilian doctors in KSA will rarely have a chance to manage firearm injuries. Mostly, these types of injuries reside with military surgical services or regional hospitals and trauma centers. The incidence and patterns of firearm injuries in Al Kharj province of Saudi Arabia have not been previously studied.

According to the Health Care Utilization Project (HCUP) USA, firearm injuries posed the largest overall hospitalization cost burden with total annual hospitalization costs nearly US$183 million (Peek-Asa et al. 2017). There were no previous reports on the hospitalization cost as a result of firearm-related injuries from Saudi Arabia, which cause significant burden to the local economy, the country health system, and the society reported from other developed countries.

The aims of this study included evaluation of incidence, the patterns of firearm injuries, and their correlation to Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and the need for blood transfusion as well as the cost of hospitalization in Al Kharj province, which is a highly populated central rural region of Saudi Arabia.

The design of this retrospective study was based on data obtained from the Department of Surgery at King Khalid Hospital, which is a major teaching hospital for public admissions in Al Kharj Governorate of Saudi Arabia with a population over 650,000 people.

The medical records of 102 patients collected over the period of 5 years (2013–2017 inclusive), who presented and admitted to the surgical department with the firearm and air gun injuries, were reviewed for demographic data of the victims, including sex and occupation, the type of weapon used (firearm or air gun), the pattern of injury (anatomical area affected), Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale on presentation, the degree of shock, and the length of the hospital stay. The confidentiality of the patients was ensured through the anonymous data entry from medical records. The collected data were organized and analyzed using the SPSS version 23 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and Excel for Mac 2016 computer software programs was used to analyze data in this study. Mean and standard deviation were calculated and applied for comparison analysis from the data, and the independent t test was used to identify significant differences in numerical variables, where p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. This retrospective study was part of the trauma research approved by the Scientific Research Committee of the Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, KSA.

Taking into consideration the population of the Al Kharj Governate region that is exceeding 650,000, from the latest census, the incidence of firearm injuries in the Al Kharj region was estimated as 3.13 per 100,000 of the population per year.

There were significant correlations identified between the patient’s nationality, gender, and age with the use of firearms or air gun injuries. Fifty-four of Saudi patients (65.9%) were shot by firearms, receiving different severity of bullet injuries, in comparison to 12 (60%) of non-Saudi (p = 0.02). Men were absolute majority, receiving injuries by firearms (bullet injury) compare to women, with only 4 out 54 of all bullet injuries (p < 0.01).

The majority of injured patients in this study were students or employees of young age (p < 0.04).

The percentage of the social status of injured patients is represented in Fig. 1.

The most common site of injuries was the lower limb (44 cases; 43.1%), which was followed by abdominal and upper limb injuries in 20 cases (19.6%). In 16 cases (15.7%), the site of injury was the upper limb. A small number of affected anatomical areas were the gluteal area and the back, 4 cases each (3.9%) respectively. There were only two head injuries, both with air gun pellets, which were causing only superficial soft tissue damage without cranial bone involvement. There were statistically significant differences between the lower limb and the other anatomical parts affected by injuries in this study (p < 0.03).

All the injuries caused by firearms or air guns were the results of domestic violence or unintentional fire. However, there was no correlation identified between the incidents of firearms used and psychiatric history of the offenders or their victims due to lack of information in the medical records.

There was no mortality reported over the study period of time. Only 4 injuries were found to have entry and exit points in the body, 2 in abdominal soft tissues and 2 in the leg soft tissues, which indicated that the shots were done at the close range using a firearm of a small caliber.

Twelve patients (11.7%) who sustained penetrating abdominal injuries were required laparotomy for damage control.

Eighty-six patients (84.3%) had formal soft tissue repair, depending on the damage, which included hemostasis from bleeding injured blood vessels and repair of important anatomical structures such as nerves and tendons. In 83 (81.3%) patients, the bullets or pellets were removed, while in the rest of the cases (n = 19, 18.7%), they were left alone because of deep localization in the soft tissues without causing any affects.

Eighteen patients (17.7%) received soft tissue injuries without any significant effect on their health and were discharged from the hospital in 1 to 2 days for further follow-up by the local community doctor.

From the total number of victims, 18 patients (17.7%) were children (aged below 16 years old); however, all of them received relatively minor injuries from air gun/rifle due to careless handling by older members of the family.

All the patients presented to the hospital were classified with Injury Severity Score (ISS). The median Injury Severity Score in this study was 15 ranging from 2 to 41. Forty-five percent of the wounded patients had ISS less than 10. Among firearm victims, 24 patients were classified with ISS between 10 and 20 (23.5%) and 28 patients had ISS above 20 (27.5%) respectively. All the patients with ISS less than 20 presented with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 14–15. Also, the majority of the subgroup of patients with ISS less than 20 did not show any symptoms of hemorrhagic shock. Only 6 patients from the subgroup with ISS less than 20 were established with the first degree of hemorrhagic shock and did not require any blood transfusion. However, 22 patients with ISS more than 20 presented with second and third degrees of hemorrhagic chock and received from 1 to 4 units of blood transfusion according to their arterial blood gas (ABG) and hemoglobin reading. Also, this subgroup presented with GCS varying between 13 and 10. Thus, positive correlation was found between patients with ISS less 20 and ISS more than 20, which reflected a higher chance of low GCS and hemorrhagic shock development (p < 0.03).

None of the patients in this study required immediate intubation due to GSC < 9, and also, there was no necessity for an introduction of massive transfusion protocol.

However, 36 patients (35.3%) had to be readmitted to the hospital within the first week after discharge due to poorly controlled pain or minor complications such as superficial wound infection and further assessment of disabilities. Thirty-seven (36.3%) patients developed long-term disability.

In total, 514 hospital days the patients from this study spent in the hospital. The mean length of stay was 5 days and ranging from 1 to 19 days, depending on the severity of injury, anatomical area, and estimated blood loss. These included 8 patients, who were admitted to the intensive care unit with mean 2 days ranging from 1 to 3 days. The positive correlation was identified between ISS and the length of hospital stay and significantly increased when the patients had ISS more than 20 (p < 0.04).

The economy expense estimated in this study was calculated based on the cost of patient occupying surgical bed, which is near 500 Saudi riyals per patient per day for regular hospital bed and about 2000 Saudi riyals for occupying a bed in intensive care unit (ICU) per patient per day. This cost was not including special investigations such as radiological investigations and treatment such as surgical procedures and patient care. Thus, the total government expense managing all firearm and air gun injuries in this study was estimated as near as 285,000 Saudi riyals without cost of treatment.

This research in one of the heavily populated Saudi Arabian regions concluded that the firearm injuries have significant effects on the morbidity and mortality in the society. So it is recommended to enforce the current tight gun law regulations in Saudi Arabia and to encourage better education in Saudi Arabian communities in relation to firearms and their use in order to reduce the number of firearm accidents and related injuries.

In addition, this study proposes further research on population awareness of firearm-related injuries and their effect on the community.