Another cause of cardiac tamponade: ruptured coronary artery aneurysm

Background

Coronary artery aneurysm can be defined as an abnormal dilatation of the coronaries. In recent years, the disease has been frequently encountered during surgical procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).

Case presentation

We reported a case of cardiac tamponade due to spontaneous rupture of coronary artery aneurysm in a 53-year-old Chinese man, who had collapsed and died at home after returning from work. Autopsy revealed a cardiac tamponade with ruptured aneurysm of the left circumflex artery.

Conclusion

This case highlights the need to consider ruptured coronary aneurysm as a differential diagnosis when cardiac tamponade is encountered during autopsy.

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is defined as the diameter of the lumen of the coronary artery, generally exceeding 1.5 times the normal adjacent segment, which may involve less than one third of the whole length of the vessel (Tunick et al. 1990; Kruger et al. 1999). Another similar pathology, i.e. coronary artery ectasia (CAE), is also characterised by dilatation of the coronary artery, with a diameter exceeding 1.5 times, or more than the normal adjacent segment. However, the difference between CAA and CAE is that CAE is more diffuse, affecting more than one third of the length of the coronary artery (Aboeata et al. 2012). Based on the size of the aneurysm, it can be considered as a giant coronary aneurysm, if the diameter is more than 20 mm (Jha et al. 2009).

According to a survey conducted by Daoud et al. (1963), the majority of coronary aneurysm (more than 50%) was caused by atherosclerosis, followed by congenital disorders and mycotic and syphilitic diseases (Daoud et al. 1963). The results were similar to that by Luo et al. (2016), where 68.2% of patients with CAA had coronary artery disease (CAD), in comparison to only 39.2% of CAE patients, who had CAD (Luo et al. 2016). Post-coronary intervention and connective tissue disorder were among the conditions reported in the incidence of coronary artery aneurysm (Swaye et al. 1983; Rognoni et al. 2007).

Patients with aneurysm of the coronary artery may be asymptomatic. However, it can cause fatal complications such as myocardial infarction and cardiac tamponade. We, thus, reported a case of sudden death due to ruptured aneurysm of coronary artery in a 53-year-old male, who had no history of connective tissue disorder prior to his death.

A 53-year-old Chinese man was found collapsed and died at home. He had previous history of gouty arthritis. He was brought to the mortuary of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center for an autopsy upon request by the police.

Autopsy showed the body of an obese male, with a height of 165 cm and body weight of 82 kg (body mass index of 30.1). External examination showed no evidence of trauma. A ‘blue dome’ sign of the heart indicated cardiac tamponade (Fig. 1), and about 500 ml of blood was drained from the pericardial sac. The heart weighed 600 g (normal heart weight in an 80 kg male is 350 to 420 g) (Kitzman et al. 1988; Hangartner et al. 1985), and the coronary arteries arose normally from the aorta. There was an aneurysmal dilatation (3 × 7 cm), extending from the left main coronary artery (LMCA) to the proximal part of the left circumflex artery (LCX) (Fig. 2).

Blue dome sign (arrow) in the left thoracic cavity

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Epicardial haemorrhage around the left circumflex artery region. a Anterior view. b Top view

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The aneurysm had ruptured superiorly at the left atrium, just below the left auricle. The site of perforation (0.5 × 0.5 cm) was found below the left auricle (Fig. 3). There was a haematoma (10 × 6 cm) around the ruptured site (Fig. 4). The left anterior descending artery was 50% occluded by atheroma, 1 cm in length at about 1 cm away from the coronary ostium. The right coronary artery was patent. The heart valves were unremarkable. The left ventricle was concentrically thickened (20 mm). Further investigation revealed medial cystic degeneration of the tunica media (Fig. 5a) and haemorrhages within the tunica adventitia from histology of the aneurysm (Fig. 5b). Verhoeff-Van Gieson (EVG) elastic stain of the artery exhibited disruption of the internal elastic lamina layer (Fig. 6). Histology of the kidney showed hyaline thickening of the glomerular arteriole, which was indicative of underlying hypertension (Fig. 7).

Ruptured site from underneath the auricle of the left atrium

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Aneurysmal dilatation of the left main coronary artery, extending to proximal left circumflex coronary artery. A probe was inserted from the left coronary ostium into the left main coronary artery. a View upon opening of the aortic valve. b Closer view of the ruptured CAA

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a Photomicrographs of the coronary arterial wall showing medial cystic degeneration (10× magnification). No evidence of vasculitis was noted. Inset shows intima with atheromatous plaques (20× magnification). b Photomicrograph of the coronary arterial wall showing dissection of the coronary artery at the tunica adventitia (10× magnification)

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Disrupted internal elastic lamina in the aneurysmal wall under EVG staining (arrow) (10× magnification)

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Histology of kidney showing hyaline thickening of the arteriole (40× magnification)

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Ruptured aneurysm is a rare complication of CAA, besides thrombosis, embolization and ischaemia (Daneshvar et al. 2012). Once CAA is ruptured, it can cause cardiac tamponade and sudden death can occur. The incidence of CAA was reported to occur between 1.5 and 4.9%. The RCA is the commonest coronary artery being affected (Syed and Lesch 1997; Hartnell et al. 1985), with LMCA being the least involved in aneurysm, as none was seen in a survey by Swaye et al. (1983) (n = 1200), and only 22 were seen in another survey (n = 22000) (Topaz et al. 1991).

In this interesting case, the diameter of the dilated LCX was 3 cm, which was 1.5 times bigger than the diameter of the normal adjacent segment (0.5 cm). The total length of the dilatation was 7 cm, where 3.5 cm was located at LMCA, which extended to LCX for another 3.5 cm. The dilatation at LCX had involved one third of the whole length of the artery (10 cm). The aneurysm had involved LMCA, which extended to the proximal part of LCX, and these findings were rare and atypical. This giant aneurysm was almost similar to a previous case, where the aneurysm (7 × 5 × 4 cm) was presented at the right coronary artery (Kondo et al. 2015). The most likely cause of the aneurysm was coronary atherosclerosis with underlying hypertension as the predisposing factor, which led to rupture of the aneurysm.

In conclusion, this case represents a giant coronary artery aneurysm in an atypical location, i.e. left main coronary artery. It is worth mentioning that ruptured coronary artery aneurysm found during autopsy must always trigger a differential diagnosis that includes cardiac tamponade.

CAA:

Coronary artery aneurysm

CAE:

Coronary artery ectasia

CCTA:

Coronary computed tomography angiogram

EVG:

Verhoeff-Van Gieson elastic stain

LCX:

Left circumflex coronary artery

LMS:

Left main stem

LMCA:

Left main coronary artery

PCI:

Percutaneous coronary intervention

We would like to thank all the forensic staffs of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre and the police officers who were involved in the investigation of this case.

Affiliations

1. Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
   • Faridah Mohd Nor
   • , Swarhib Shafee
   • , Ran Zhi Tan
   •  & Lii Jye Tan

Contributions

All authors have made substantial contributions to this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Faridah Mohd Nor.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This is a case report, and the issues on publication have been informed to the deceased’s wife. The deceased’s wife had consented for the case report publication.

Consent for publication

The wife of the deceased consented for this case report publication with the condition that the deceased’s details remained anonymous.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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