Table 2 Type of surfaces on which carbon dots (CD) were used to develop latent fingerprints

1.

Adhesive tape

Silica-based carbon dots; starch-based carbon dots; orange carbon dots

Li et al. (2017); Li et al. (2016); Tang et al. (2019)

2.

Aluminum foil

Silica-based carbon dots; C-dot/p (DMA); red carbon dots; nitrogen- and sulfur-doped solid fluorescent carbon dots; starch-based carbon dots; cationic carbon dots

Zhao et al. (2017); Li et al. (2017); Dilag et al. (2015); Chen et al. (2017); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Li et al. (2016); Bahadur et al. (2019); Li et al. (2023); Wang et al. (2020); Cao et al. (2024)

3.

Aluminum alloy plate

Multicolor carbon dots

Wang et al. (2022)

4.

Bank note

Multicolor carbon dots

Wang et al. (2022)

5.

Beer cans

Orange carbon dots

Tang et al. (2019)

6.

Cardboard

Orange carbon dots

Tang et al. (2019)

7.

Ceramic tile

Silica-based carbon dots; starch-based carbon dots; nitrogen- and sulfur-doped solid fluorescent carbon dots

Li et al. (2017); Li et al. (2016); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Wang et al. (2022); Li et al. (2023)

8.

Cloth

N-doped carbon dots

Liu et al. (2019a, b)

9.

Cigarette packets

Solid-state photoluminescent Carbon nanodots

Wang et al. (2020)

10.

Coin

Starch-based carbon dots; orange carbon dots; carbon dots

Li et al. (2016); Tang et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2019); Nugroho et al. (2022)

11.

Coastar

Luminol carbon dots

Nugroho et al. (2022)

12.

Copper foil

Starch-based carbon dots

Li et al. (2016)

13.

Currency

SSF-emitting carbon dots

Wang et al. (2021)

14.

Desk

Carbon dots

Wang et al. (2019)

15.

Drug packings

Silica-based carbon dots

Zhao et al. (2017)

16.

Euro banknote

P-doped carbon dots

Algarra et al. (2019)

17.

Filter paper

N-doped carbon dots

Xu et al. (2014)

18.

Glass

Silica-based carbon dots; starch-based carbon dots; white carbon dots; orange carbon dots; orange carbon dots; carbon dots; nitrogen-doped carbon dots; green carbon dots; carbon dots; red carbon dots; nitrogen- and sulfur-doped solid fluorescent carbon dots; carbon dots; N-doped carbon dots; blue carbon dots; cationic carbon dots

Fernandes et al. (2015); Zhao et al. (2017); Li et al. (2016); Jiang et al. (2018); Li et al. (2019); Tang et al. (2019); Li et al. (2018); Thongsai et al. (2017); Zhai et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Chen et al. (2017); Wang et al. (2019); Liu et al. (2019a, b); Feng et al. (2019); Bahadur et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2022); Nugroho et al. (2022); Li et al. (2023); Xu et al. (2023); Cao et al. (2024) filter

19.

Glue film

N-doped carbon dots

Deng et al. (2019)

20.

Iron sheets

Starch-based carbon dots

Li et al (2016)

21.

Leather

Silica-based carbon dots; red carbon dots

Zhao et al. (2017); Chen et al. (2017); Li et al. (2023)

22.

Litmus paper

Blue carbon dots

Feng et al. (2019)

23.

Magnetic band of credit card

P-doped carbon dots

Algarra et al. (2019)

24.

Marble

Starch-based carbon dots; silica-based carbon dots

Li et al. (2016); Li et al. (2017)

25.

Metallic alloy

Cationic carbon dots

Bahadur et al. (2019)

26.

Metallic surface of credit card

P-doped carbon dots

Algarra et al. (2019)

27.

Optical disc

Orange carbon dots

Tang et al. (2019)

28.

Optical mouse

Cationic carbon dots

Bahadur et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2020)

29.

Painted wood

Multicolor carbon dots

Wang et al. (2022)

30.

Paper

N-doped carbon dots; orange carbon dots; cationic carbon dots; nitrogen- and sulfur-doped solid fluorescent carbon dots

Liu et al. (2019a, b); Tang et al. (2019); Bahadur et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Wang et al. (2021); Li et al. (2023)

31.

Plastic

Silica-based carbon dots; carbon dots; green carbon dots; carbon dots; red carbon dots; nitrogen- and sulfur-doped solid fluorescent carbon dots; carbon dots; silica-based carbon dots; starch-based carbon dots; N-doped carbon dots; orange carbon dots; blue carbon dots

Zhao et al. (2017); Li et al. (2018); Zhai et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Chen et al. (2017); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Wang et al. (2019); Li et al. (2017); Li et al. (2016); Milenkovic et al. (2019); Tang et al. (2019); Feng et al. (2019); Nugroho et al. (2022)

32.

Porcelain

Cationic carbon dots

Bahadur et al. (2019)

33.

Plastic packing beer bottle

Solid-state fluorescence carbon dots

Li et al. 2023)

34.

Reagent bottle cap

Carbon dots

Wang et al. (2019)

35.

Resin tabletop

Blue carbon dots

Feng et al. (2019)

36.

Rigid plastic sheet

Carbon dots embedded in organosilicon

Cao et al. (2024)

37.

Rubber

N-doped carbon dots

Liu et al. (2019a, b)

38.

Silicon wafer

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots; orange carbon dots

Ren et al. (2018); Tang et al. (2019)

39.

Smartphone screen

P-doped carbon dots

Algarra et al. (2019)

40.

Soft plastic bag

Carbon dots embedded in organosilicon

Cao et al. (2024)

41.

Stainless steel

Silica-based carbon dots

Li et al. (2017)

42.

Steel tweezer

N-doped carbon dots; nitrogen- and sulfur-doped solid fluorescent carbon dots

Milenkovic et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c)

43.

Steel ruler

SSF-emitting carbon dots

Wang et al. (2021)

44.

Tin foil

Green carbon dots; carbon dots; carbon dots

Zhai et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Wang et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2021)

45.

Wall

N-doped carbon dots

Liu et al. (2019a, b)

46.

Weighing paper

Carbon dots; carbon dots

Wang et al. (2018a, b, c); Wang et al. (2019)

47.

Wood

Silica-based carbon dots

Li et al. (2017)

48.

Zinc sheets

Starch-based carbon dots

Li et al. (2016)