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Table 5 Comparison of various histo/immunohistochemical and molecular markers with survival time in sTBI

From: Myelin degradation, axonal changes and expression trajectories of glial cells stimulated by rapid head insult in humans to estimate approximate time elapsed since trauma

Feature

Site

Grade

0–6 h

 > 6–24 h

 > 24–72 h

 > 72–240 h

 > 240 h

p-value

Myelin degradation via H&E staining [n (%)]

CC

1 (normal)

66.7%

54.5%

7.1%

6.7%

8.3%

0.03

2/3/4 (mild, moderate, severe)

33.3%

45.5%

92.8%

93.3%

91.7%

GWMI

1 (normal)

100%

90%

50%

41.7%

30%

0.003

2/3/4 (mild, moderate, severe)

 

10%

50%

58.3%

70%

IHC β-APP and NFP [median (min–max]

CC

-

6 (1–8)

7 (1–10)

8 (1–10)

9 (4–10)

7 (1–10)

 < 0.001

Thalamus

1.5 (0–9)

4 (1–8)

3 (1–10)

5 (1–10)

5 (5–10)

0.1

MB

2.5 (0–7)

3 (0–7)

5 (1–9)

4 (0–10)

4 (2–8)

0.2

Pons

2.5 (0–8)

6 (2–9)

6.5 (1–10)

7 (2–10)

7 (1–9)

 < 0.001

MO

6 (0–9)

4 (2–8)

4 (1–10)

3 (1–9)

3 (2–9)

0.2

GWMI

3 (0–5)

3 (1–8)

4 (1–9)

5 (1–8)

3 (2–7)

0.3

Astrogliosis IHC-GFAP [median (min–max]

CC

-

162 (24–278)

91 (24–461)

10 2 (18–322)

137 (23–362)

183 (13–449)

0.3

GWMI

-

-

160 (48–246)

198 (146–394)

214.5 (41–401)

191 (93–563)

325.5 (47–482)

0.2

Microglial reaction [n (%)]

-

-

41.6

54.5

71.4

80

83.3

0.3

  1. sTBI severe traumatic brain injury, non-TBI nontraumatic brain injury, GWMI grey-white matter interface, CC corpus callosum, MB midbrain, MO medulla oblongata, β-APP beta-amyloid precursor protein, NFP neurofilament protein, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD-68 cluster of differentiation-68, H&E haematoxylin and eosin, % percentage, SD standard deviation; p-value < 0.05