Authors | Year | Study design | Number (n) | Age | Wormian (%/n) | Location | Country | Side | Disorders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pryles et al | 1979 | CT | 515 | 0–14 | 17%(91) | -LS -Lambda | USA (Brooklyn) | Unilateral/bilateral | -CNS abnormalities (micro and macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, craniosynostosis, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and learning difficulties) - Wormian bones are a marker for CNS developmental abnormalities |
Hanihara et al | 2001 | Dry skull | > 8000 | - | Types 1–6 | -LS -MS -Lambda | Japan UK France USA Russia | Unilateral/bilateral | - Artificial cranial deformation - Secondary trait formed by ontogenetic stress |
Barberini et al | 2008 | 3D CT | one | 66 years | 1 (Pentagonal bregmatic type) | -Bregma | Italy | Unilateral | -Its formation at the neural crest–mesoderm -It represents an additional ossification center |
Wu et al (2011) | 2011 | 3D CT | 210 | 0–2 | n=11 | -MS | USA | Unilateral/bilateral | - Craniosynostosis (coronal and metopic sutures) - Scaphocephaly, craniofacial anomaly, FGFR3,pro250arg mutation (Muenke syndrome) |
Stotland et al | 2012 | Intraoperative | one | 2,5 | 1 Pentagonal bregmatic type | -Bregma | USA | Bilateral | -Metopic synostosis, trigonocephaly |
Marti et al | 2013 | CT | 605 | < 3 months 3–6 months 6–12 months 1–2 years 2–3 years | 53% (320) − 1–3: 43% (260) ≥ 4: 10% (60) ≥ 5: 6% (40) | -SS (22) -LS (252, right; 256, left) -PSS (45 right; 41 left) -PF (178) -PLF -MF | France | Unilateral/bilateral | -Group A: headaches, convulsive seizures, neurological deficits (n = 349; 445 Wormian) -Group B: head injuries (n = 132; 180 Wormian) -Group C: hydrocephalus (n = 55; 73 Wormian) -Group D: plagiocephaly (12) and craniosynostosis and cranial anomaly (n = 69; 96 Wormian) -OI (10%) differential diagnosis |
Thanapaisal et al | 2013 | Dry skull | 400 | 16–93 | 7.25%(29) 11 types | -Types 1–3 -Types 8–10 | Thailand | Unilateral/bilateral | It can be used in the differential diagnosis of the fracture line and personal identification |
Showri et al | 2016 | Dry skull | 132 | - | 56.06% Rectangular (52.7%) Irregular (37.83%) Triangle (9.45%) | -LS (45.45%) -Lambda (13.63%) -PMS (8.33%) -CS (6.06%) -Asterion (5.30%) -SS (4.54%) -OMS (2.27%) -PSS (2.27%) -Pterion (1.51%) | India (Bengaluru) | Unilateral/bilateral | -MSX2 gene variation -Hydrocephalus -Some cerebral diseases -Artificial cranial deformation |
Goyal et al | 2019 | Cadaver | 147 | Adult | 35.3%(52) | -LS:41 (27.89) -CS:9 (6.12) -SS:7 (4.76) -Asterion 3 (2.04) -La:28 (19.04) -Pterion: 1 (0.68) | North India (Haryana) | Unilateral/bilateral | -The diagnosis and management of Wormian-related diseases -The detection of physical abuse -Fracture line diagnosis |
Present study | 2022 | Dry skull | 110 | Adult | 52.72 %(58) 7 types | -LS 25 (%43.1) -Lambda 6 (%10.3) -SS 2 (%3.4) -PMS 18 (%31.0) -OMS 7 (%12.1) | Turkey | Unilateral/bilateral | - Cranial anomalies - The indicator of clinical syndromes and population affinity |