Characteristic | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Knowing performance-enhancing substances (APES) | |
 Yes | 53.8% |
 No | 46.2% |
Source of information | |
 Coach | 20.9% |
 Friends | 28.4% |
 Internet | 48.6% |
 No answer | 2.1% |
Using APES | |
 Yes | 34.9% |
 No | 65.1% |
Benefit of using APESs (n = 133) | |
 With benefit | 69.2% |
 Without benefit | 30.8% |
Adverse effects of using APESs | |
 Hypertension | 3.5% |
 Heart palpitation | 6.2% |
 Psychology problems | 5.6% |
 Testicular atrophy | 1.4% |
 Persistent and painful erection | 0.7% |
 Tachycardia | 2.8% |
 No answer | 8.3% |
 No side effects | 71.5% |
Adverse effects without any benefit (n = 42) | |
 Hypertension | 4.6% |
 Heart palpitation | 9.2% |
 Psychology problems | 2.3% |
 Testicular atrophy | 2.3% |
 Persistent and painful erection | 0% |
 Tachycardia | 4.6% |
 No answer | 7% |
 No side effects | 70% |