From: Distribution of different minutiae in thumbprint and its application to determine sex distinctions
Minutiae type | Inside circle | Outer circle | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | z-value | Male | Female | z-value | |||||
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | |||
Bifurcation | 9.98 | 4.38 | 7.48 | 3.31 | − 3.20** | 16.72 | 6.54 | 13.32 | 6.11 | − 2.65** |
Convergence | 7.30 | 3.72 | 5.44 | 6.11 | − 2.43** | 10.92 | 5.68 | 6.26 | 4.62 | − 4.50** |
Ridge ending | 13.88 | 7.05 | 14.14 | 4.70 | − 0.29 | 24.22 | 11.47 | 20.90 | 8.37 | − 1.30 |
Enclosure-small | 4.28 | 2.36 | 3.74 | 3.18 | − 1.73 | 4.94 | 2.42 | 3.12 | 2.67 | − 3.97** |
Enclosure-big | 1.84 | 1.81 | 0.68 | 0.84 | − 3.77** | 3.04 | 2.53 | 1.60 | 1.49 | − 3.11** |
Fragment-small | 3.20 | 2.87 | 3.94 | 2.91 | − 1.38 | 6.38 | 3.66 | 5.48 | 4.28 | − 1.41 |
Fragment-big | 0.64 | 1.04 | 0.92 | 1.25 | − 0.94 | 2.02 | 1.79 | 2.38 | 1.89 | − 1.03 |
Crossbar | 0.26 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 0.37 | − 0.84 | 0.60 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.84 | − 0.27 |
Overlap | 0.54 | 0.81 | 0.42 | 0.57 | − 0.32 | 0.98 | 1.18 | 0.96 | 1.37 | − 0.56 |
Break | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.42 | 1.55 | − 2.12** | 1.54 | 1.70 | 1.22 | 1.36 | − 0.82 |
Bridge | 1.50 | 1.23 | 1.52 | 1.38 | − 0.15 | 2.08 | 1.53 | 1.84 | 2.00 | − 1.39 |
Trifurcation bifurcate | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.14 | − 1.37 | 0.10 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.24 | − 0.43 |
Trifurcation convergent | 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 2.03** | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 1.00 |
M-B | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 1.75 |
M-C | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 1.42 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.14 | − 0.58 |
Point or dot into ridge | 1.76 | 3.09 | 1.48 | 1.72 | − 0.84 | 1.88 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.47 | − 0.19 |
Point or dot between ridges | 2.28 | 2.33 | 2.16 | 2.64 | − 0.68 | 4.24 | 3.24 | 2.30 | 2.55 | − 3.41** |
Opposited bifurcation | 0.20 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 0.70 | − 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.49 | 0.12 | 0.38 | − 0.89 |
Return | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.87 | − 0.98 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.61 | − 2.21* |
Dock | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.14 | − 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.19 | − 1.42 |