From: Distribution of different minutiae in thumbprint and its application to determine sex distinctions
Minutiae type | Male | Female | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inside circle | Outside circle | z-value | Inside circle | Outside circle | z-value | |||||
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | |||
Bifurcation | 9.98 | 4.38 | 16.72 | 6.54 | − 4.76** | 7.48 | 3.31 | 13.32 | 6.11 | − 4.71** |
Convergence | 7.30 | 3.72 | 10.92 | 5.68 | − 3.66** | 5.44 | 3.20 | 6.26 | 4.62 | − 0.91 |
Ridge ending | 13.88 | 7.05 | 24.22 | 11.47 | − 4.91** | 14.14 | 4.70 | 20.90 | 8.37 | − 3.95** |
Enclosure-small | 4.28 | 2.36 | 4.94 | 2.42 | − 1.12 | 3.74 | 3.18 | 3.12 | 2.67 | − 1.15 |
Enclosure-big | 1.84 | 1.81 | 3.04 | 2.53 | − 2.78** | 0.68 | 0.84 | 1.60 | 1.49 | − 3.30** |
Fragment-small | 3.20 | 2.87 | 6.38 | 3.66 | − 4.68** | 3.94 | 2.91 | 5.48 | 4.28 | − 2.06* |
Fragment-big | 0.64 | 1.04 | 2.02 | 1.79 | − 4.37** | 0.92 | 1.25 | 2.38 | 1.89 | − 4.21** |
Crossbar | 0.26 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.78 | − 2.74** | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.66 | 0.84 | − 3.46** |
Overlap | 0.54 | 0.81 | 0.98 | 1.18 | − 2.30* | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.96 | 1.36 | − 2.36* |
Break | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.54 | 1.70 | − 2.74** | 1.42 | 1.55 | 1.22 | 1.35 | − 0.70 |
Bridge | 1.50 | 1.23 | 2.08 | 1.53 | − 2.09* | 1.52 | 1.38 | 1.84 | 2.00 | − 0.66 |
Trifurcation bifurcate | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.58 | − 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.24 | − 1.00 |
Trifurcation convergent | 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.14 | − 1.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
M-B | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.24 | − 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
M-C | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.14 | − 1.00 |
Point or dot into ridge | 1.76 | 3.09 | 1.88 | 2.00 | − 1.01 | 1.48 | 1.72 | 2.00 | 2.47 | − 1.14 |
Point or dot between ridges | 2.28 | 2.33 | 4.24 | 3.24 | − 4.04** | 2.16 | 2.64 | 2.30 | 2.55 | − 0.59 |
Opposited bifurcation | 0.20 | 0.49 | 0.20 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.70 | 0.12 | 0.38 | − 1.43 |
Return | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.08 | 0.27 | − 5.05** | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.30 | 0.61 | − 2.96** |
Dock | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.19 | − 0.57 |