From: Distribution of different minutiae in thumbprint and its application to determine sex distinctions
Minutiae type | Male | Female | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inside circle | Outside circle | z-value | Inside circle | Outside circle | z-value | |||||
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | |||
Bifurcation | 7.42 | 4.16 | 12.62 | 6.17 | − 4.44** | 5.90 | 3.24 | 9.68 | 6.04 | − 3.96** |
Convergence | 8.50 | 3.89 | 15.42 | 6.77 | − 5.12** | 6.06 | 3.69 | 11.52 | 4.88 | − 5.31** |
Ridge ending | 13.56 | 6.37 | 24.40 | 11.03 | − 5.36** | 12.80 | 5.33 | 26.18 | 8.80 | − 5.69** |
Enclosure-small | 4.84 | 2.73 | 5.20 | 2.82 | − 0.71 | 2.94 | 2.12 | 2.84 | 2.02 | 0.20 |
Enclosure-big | 1.76 | 1.90 | 3.12 | 2.42 | − 3.18** | 1.58 | 2.12 | 2.06 | 2.52 | − 1.09 |
Fragment-small | 3.56 | 3.13 | 6.98 | 4.74 | − 4.29** | 3.14 | 2.68 | 5.98 | 4.25 | − 3.84** |
Fragment-big | 0.68 | 0.95 | 1.84 | 1.75 | − 4.10** | 1.12 | 1.53 | 1.98 | 1.50 | − 3.29** |
Crossbar | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 1.07 | 0.48 | 1.05 | − 0.16 |
Overlap | 0.70 | 0.95 | 1.50 | 1.26 | − 3.77** | 0.56 | 0.81 | 1.26 | 1.50 | − 2.99** |
Break | 1.50 | 1.26 | 1.18 | 1.08 | − 1.30 | 1.64 | 1.91 | 2.08 | 2.16 | − 1.07 |
Bridge | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.92 | 1.41 | − 2.94** | 0.86 | 1.16 | 1.20 | 1.30 | − 1.36 |
Trifurcation bifurcate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.59 | − 1.63 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 2.00* |
Trifurcation convergent | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.49 | − 1.27 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 1.00 |
M-B | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.14 | − 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
M-C | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.35 | − 2.65** | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.58 | − 1.00 |
Point or dot into ridge | 1.36 | 2.09 | 2.68 | 3.83 | − 3.23** | 1.86 | 2.19 | 2.46 | 2.15 | − 1.63 |
Point or dot between ridges | 3.44 | 3.52 | 4.30 | 3.02 | − 1.80 | 2.64 | 3.10 | 2.58 | 2.28 | − 0.46 |
Opposited bifurcation | 0.30 | 0.61 | 0.18 | 0.38 | − 1.27 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.08 | 0.27 | − 1.69 |
Return | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.64 | − 3.95** | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.78 | − 2.29* |
Dock | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.24 | − 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.28 | − 0.45 |