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Table 5 Perception of performance-enhancing substances: hazards and sanctions

From: Assessment of knowledge, perception, attitude, and use of performance-enhancing substances among students of Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt: a pilot study

Perception queries

Males

Females

No (%)

χ2 (P)

Do you think doping substances are posing health hazards?

 Yes

51 (71.8)

76 (83.5)

127 (78.4)

 

 No

20 (28.2)

15 (16.5)

35 (21.6)

3.215 (0.073)

 Total

71 (100)

91 (100)

162 (100)

 

Do you think doping substances are a serious problem in Egypt?

 Yes

53 (56.4)

63 (55.8)

116 (56)

 

 No

17 (18.1)

23 (20.4)

40 (19.3)

0.196 (0.907)

 Do not know

24 (25.5)

27 (23.9)

52 (24.6)

 

 Total

94 (100)

113 (100)

207 (100)

 

Do you think doping is a form of drug addiction?

 Agree

45 (47.9)

65 (57.5)

110 (53.1)

 

 Strongly agree

8 (8.5)

17 (15)

25 (12.1)

7.312 (0.120)

 Disagree

20 (21.3)

12 (10.6)

32 (15.5)

 

 Strongly disagree

3 (3.2)

3 (2.7)

6 (2.9)

 

 Do not know

18 (19.1)

16 (14.2)

34 (16.4)

 

 Total

94 (100)

113 (100)

207 (100)

 

Critical events in an athlete’s career such as selection / de-selection, recovery from injury or illness and negotiating crucial sponsorship deals can increase the risk of doping.

 Agree

40 (42.6)

46 (40.7)

86 (41.5)

3.213 (0.523)

 Strongly agree

20 (21.3)

23 (20.4)

43 (20.8)

 

 Disagree

13 (13.8)

9 (8)

22 (10.6)

 

 Strongly disagree

3 (3.2)

6 (5.3)

9 (4.3)

 

 Do not know

18 (19.1)

29 (25.7)

47 (22.7)

 

 Total

94 (100)

113 (100)

207 (100)

 

Do you think that nutritional supplements as vitamins, minerals and herbs are safe?

 Yes

60 (63.8)

72 (63.7)

132 (63.8)

 

 No

14 (14.9)

24 (21.2)

38 (18.4)

2.241 (0.326)

 Do not know

20 (21.3)

17 (15)

37 (17.9)

 

 Total

94 (100)

113 (100)

207 (100)

 

Do you think that Amino acid supplements are safe in recommended dosages?

 Yes

56 (59.6)

68 (60.2)

124 (59.9)

0.054 (0.973)

 No

22 (23.4)

25 (22.1)

47 (22.7)

 

 Do not know

16 (17)

20 (17.7)

36 (17.4)

 

 Total

94 (100)

113 (100)

207 (100)

 

Do you think that doctors engaged in medically assisted doping should be punished?

 Yes

37 (39.4)

50 (44.2)

87 (42)

 

 No

33 (35.1)

33 (29.2)

66 (31.9)

0.873 (0.646)

 Do not know

24 (25.5)

30 (26.5)

54 (26.1)

 

 Total

94 (100)

113 (100)

207 (100)

 

Doping agents are used to get a more muscular body?

 Yes

55 (58.5)

58 (51.3)

113 (54.6)

1.087 (0.581)

 No

19 (20.2)

26 (23)

45 (21.7)

 

 Do not know

20 (21.3)

29 (25.7)

49 (23.7)

 

 Total

94 (100)

113 (100)

207 (100)

 
  1. Person chi-square test