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Table 3 Knowledge of PESs among participants. The frequency of correct and incorrect answers for questions 5–9 in the knowledge section of the questionnaire for each sex (total 207)

From: Assessment of knowledge, perception, attitude, and use of performance-enhancing substances among students of Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt: a pilot study

Knowledge questions

Males

Females

No (%)

χ2 (p)

List of prohibited substances in Competition

 Anabolic steroids

  Yes

54 (57.4)

67 (59.3)

121 (58.5)

0.072 (0.789)

  No

40 (42.6)

46 (40.7)

86 (41.5)

 

 Peptide hormones

   

5.701 (0.017) *

  Yes

22 (23.4)

44 (38.9)

66 (31.9)

 

  No

72 (76.6)

69 (61.1)

141 (68.1)

 

 Erythropoiesis stimulation agents

   

5.203 (0.023) *

  Yes

19 (20.2)

39 (34.5)

58 (28)

 

  No

75 (79.8)

74 (65.5)

149 (72)

 

 Amino acid supplements

   

2.521 (0.112)

  Yes

30 (31.9)

25 (22.1)

55 (26.6)

 

  No

64 (68.1)

88 (77.9)

152 (73.4)

 

 Diuretics

   

4.743 (0.029) *

  Yes

14 (14.9)

31 (27.4)

45 (21.7)

 

  No

80 (85.1)

82 (72.6)

162 (78.3)

 

 Caffeine

   

0.856 (0.355)

  Yes

19 (20.2)

29 (25.7)

48 (23.2)

 

  No

75 (79.8)

84 (74.3)

159 (76.8)

 

 Stimulants

   

4.072 (0.044) *

  Yes

40 (42.6)

64 (56.6)

104 (50.2)

 

  No

54 (57.4)

49 (43.4)

103 (49.8)

 

 Panadol

   

1.289 (0.256)

  Yes

13 (13.8)

10 (8.8)

23 (11.1)

 

  No

81 (86.2)

103 (91.2)

184 (88.9)

 

Nutritional supplements

   

3.971 (0.046) *

 Yes

41 (43.6)

65 (57.5)

106 (51.2)

 

 No

53 (56.4)

48 (42.5)

101 (48.8)

 

Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroids side effects

 Anger and mood liability

   

1.816 (0.178)

  Yes

75 (79.8)

81 (71.7)

156 (75.4)

 

  No

19 (20.2)

32 (28.3)

51 (24.6)

 

 Diminished spermatogenesis and fertility

   

0.053 (0.818)

  Yes

72 (76.6)

85 (75.2)

157 (75.8)

 

  No

22 (23.4)

28 (24.8)

50 (24.2)

 

 Virializing effects in females

   

3.726 (0.054)

  Yes

50 (53.2)

75 (66.4)

125 (60.4)

 

  No

44 (46.8)

38 (33.6)

82 (39.6)

 

 Hepatic problems up to liver tumors

   

0.181 (0.671)

  Yes

65 (69.1)

75 (66.4)

140 (67.6)

 

  No

29 (30.9)

38 (33.6)

67 (32.4)

 

 Psychological as anxiety and major depression

   

0.042 (0.837)

  Yes

67 (71.3)

82 (72.6)

149 (72)

 

  No

27 (28.7)

31 (27.4)

58 (28)

 

Growth hormone side effects

 Glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia.

   

2.468 (0.116)

  Yes

71 (75.5)

74 (65.5)

145 (70)

 

  No

23 (24.5)

39 (34.5)

62 (30)

 

 Increased risk of coronary artery disease

   

1.035 (0.309)

  Yes

63 (67)

68 (60.2)

131 (63.3)

 

  No

31 (33)

45 (39.8)

76 (36.7)

 

 Increased risk of prostate cancer

   

0.013 (0.909)

  Yes

45 (47.9)

55 (48.7)

100 (48.3)

 

  No

49 (52.1)

58 (51.3)

107 (51.7)

 

 Altered skin texture

   

0.931 (0.335)

  Yes

52 (55.3)

70 (61.9)

122 (58.9)

 

  No

42 (44.7)

43 (38.1)

85 (41.1)

 

 Risk of infection transmission

   

5.153 (0.023) *

  Yes

48 (51.1)

40 (35.4)

88 (42.5)

 

  No

46 (48.9)

73 (64.6)

119 (57.5)

 

Creatine supplementation

 Associated with weight gain

   

5.477 (0.019) *

  Yes

68 (72.3)

64 (56.6)

132 (63.8)

 

  No

26 (27.7)

49 (43.4)

75 (36.2)

 

 Unsafe in the age group <18 years

   

1.048 (0.306)

  Yes

74 (78.7)

82 (72.6)

156 (75.4)

 

  No

20 (21.3)

31 (27.4)

51 (24.6)

 

 Has a positive effect on the strength power

   

1.284 (0.257)

  Yes

70 (74.5)

76 (67.3)

146 (70.5)

 

  No

24 (25.5)

37 (32.7)

61 (29.5)

 

 Creatine supplements are safe and legal

    

  Yes

50 (53.2)

54 (47.8)

104 (50.2)

0.599 (0.439)

  No

44 (46.8)

59 (52.2)

103 (49.8)

 

Nutritional supplements

 Used to increase muscle mass and quality

   

0.003 (0.959)

  Yes

23 (24.5)

28 (24.8)

51 (24.6)

 

  No

71 (75.5)

85 (75.2)

156 (75.4)

 

 Nutritional supplements include vitamins, proteins and minerals

   

0.668 (0.414)

  Yes

74 (78.7)

94 (83.2)

168 (81.2)

 

  No

20 (21.3)

19 (16.8)

39 (18.8)

 
  1. Person’s chi-square test, *significant if p ≤ 0.05