Knowledge questions | Males | Females | No (%) | χ2 (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|
List of prohibited substances in Competition | ||||
 Anabolic steroids | ||||
  Yes | 54 (57.4) | 67 (59.3) | 121 (58.5) | 0.072 (0.789) |
  No | 40 (42.6) | 46 (40.7) | 86 (41.5) |  |
 Peptide hormones |  |  |  | 5.701 (0.017) * |
  Yes | 22 (23.4) | 44 (38.9) | 66 (31.9) |  |
  No | 72 (76.6) | 69 (61.1) | 141 (68.1) |  |
 Erythropoiesis stimulation agents |  |  |  | 5.203 (0.023) * |
  Yes | 19 (20.2) | 39 (34.5) | 58 (28) |  |
  No | 75 (79.8) | 74 (65.5) | 149 (72) |  |
 Amino acid supplements |  |  |  | 2.521 (0.112) |
  Yes | 30 (31.9) | 25 (22.1) | 55 (26.6) |  |
  No | 64 (68.1) | 88 (77.9) | 152 (73.4) |  |
 Diuretics |  |  |  | 4.743 (0.029) * |
  Yes | 14 (14.9) | 31 (27.4) | 45 (21.7) |  |
  No | 80 (85.1) | 82 (72.6) | 162 (78.3) |  |
 Caffeine |  |  |  | 0.856 (0.355) |
  Yes | 19 (20.2) | 29 (25.7) | 48 (23.2) |  |
  No | 75 (79.8) | 84 (74.3) | 159 (76.8) |  |
 Stimulants |  |  |  | 4.072 (0.044) * |
  Yes | 40 (42.6) | 64 (56.6) | 104 (50.2) |  |
  No | 54 (57.4) | 49 (43.4) | 103 (49.8) |  |
 Panadol |  |  |  | 1.289 (0.256) |
  Yes | 13 (13.8) | 10 (8.8) | 23 (11.1) |  |
  No | 81 (86.2) | 103 (91.2) | 184 (88.9) |  |
Nutritional supplements | Â | Â | Â | 3.971 (0.046) * |
 Yes | 41 (43.6) | 65 (57.5) | 106 (51.2) |  |
 No | 53 (56.4) | 48 (42.5) | 101 (48.8) |  |
Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroids side effects | ||||
 Anger and mood liability |  |  |  | 1.816 (0.178) |
  Yes | 75 (79.8) | 81 (71.7) | 156 (75.4) |  |
  No | 19 (20.2) | 32 (28.3) | 51 (24.6) |  |
 Diminished spermatogenesis and fertility |  |  |  | 0.053 (0.818) |
  Yes | 72 (76.6) | 85 (75.2) | 157 (75.8) |  |
  No | 22 (23.4) | 28 (24.8) | 50 (24.2) |  |
 Virializing effects in females |  |  |  | 3.726 (0.054) |
  Yes | 50 (53.2) | 75 (66.4) | 125 (60.4) |  |
  No | 44 (46.8) | 38 (33.6) | 82 (39.6) |  |
 Hepatic problems up to liver tumors |  |  |  | 0.181 (0.671) |
  Yes | 65 (69.1) | 75 (66.4) | 140 (67.6) |  |
  No | 29 (30.9) | 38 (33.6) | 67 (32.4) |  |
 Psychological as anxiety and major depression |  |  |  | 0.042 (0.837) |
  Yes | 67 (71.3) | 82 (72.6) | 149 (72) |  |
  No | 27 (28.7) | 31 (27.4) | 58 (28) |  |
Growth hormone side effects | ||||
 Glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. |  |  |  | 2.468 (0.116) |
  Yes | 71 (75.5) | 74 (65.5) | 145 (70) |  |
  No | 23 (24.5) | 39 (34.5) | 62 (30) |  |
 Increased risk of coronary artery disease |  |  |  | 1.035 (0.309) |
  Yes | 63 (67) | 68 (60.2) | 131 (63.3) |  |
  No | 31 (33) | 45 (39.8) | 76 (36.7) |  |
 Increased risk of prostate cancer |  |  |  | 0.013 (0.909) |
  Yes | 45 (47.9) | 55 (48.7) | 100 (48.3) |  |
  No | 49 (52.1) | 58 (51.3) | 107 (51.7) |  |
 Altered skin texture |  |  |  | 0.931 (0.335) |
  Yes | 52 (55.3) | 70 (61.9) | 122 (58.9) |  |
  No | 42 (44.7) | 43 (38.1) | 85 (41.1) |  |
 Risk of infection transmission |  |  |  | 5.153 (0.023) * |
  Yes | 48 (51.1) | 40 (35.4) | 88 (42.5) |  |
  No | 46 (48.9) | 73 (64.6) | 119 (57.5) |  |
Creatine supplementation | ||||
 Associated with weight gain |  |  |  | 5.477 (0.019) * |
  Yes | 68 (72.3) | 64 (56.6) | 132 (63.8) |  |
  No | 26 (27.7) | 49 (43.4) | 75 (36.2) |  |
 Unsafe in the age group <18 years |  |  |  | 1.048 (0.306) |
  Yes | 74 (78.7) | 82 (72.6) | 156 (75.4) |  |
  No | 20 (21.3) | 31 (27.4) | 51 (24.6) |  |
 Has a positive effect on the strength power |  |  |  | 1.284 (0.257) |
  Yes | 70 (74.5) | 76 (67.3) | 146 (70.5) |  |
  No | 24 (25.5) | 37 (32.7) | 61 (29.5) |  |
 Creatine supplements are safe and legal |  |  |  |  |
  Yes | 50 (53.2) | 54 (47.8) | 104 (50.2) | 0.599 (0.439) |
  No | 44 (46.8) | 59 (52.2) | 103 (49.8) |  |
Nutritional supplements | ||||
 Used to increase muscle mass and quality |  |  |  | 0.003 (0.959) |
  Yes | 23 (24.5) | 28 (24.8) | 51 (24.6) |  |
  No | 71 (75.5) | 85 (75.2) | 156 (75.4) |  |
 Nutritional supplements include vitamins, proteins and minerals |  |  |  | 0.668 (0.414) |
  Yes | 74 (78.7) | 94 (83.2) | 168 (81.2) |  |
  No | 20 (21.3) | 19 (16.8) | 39 (18.8) |  |