Table 7 Applications of gun-shot residue along with the type of mass analyzer and ionization mode used for their analysis

Analysis of burned residues of smokeless powders using chemometric (Li 2015)

DART-SVP^TM Ion Source (IonSense, USA) interfaced to ThermoQuest Finnigan LCQ Deca mass spectrometer (San Jose, CA, USA) and Thermo Scientific Exactive Plus mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA)

Both positive and negative ionization mode

Characterization of smokeless powder utilizing sorbent-coated wire mesh which improved the swabbing or vacuum collection (Li 2015; Li and Tice 2016)

DART-SVP™ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) interfaced to ThermoQuest Finnigan LCQ Deca mass spectrometer (San Jose, CA, USA) and Thermo Scientific Exactive Plus mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA)

Negative ionization mode for nitro-organics and positive ionization mode for additives like diphenylamine

Detection of components of gunpowder and identification of polymer compounds from 3D printed firearms (Black and Cody 2017)

AccuTOF 4G LC-plus (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

Positive ionization mode

Analysis of smokeless powders and its comparison using GC-MS and DART-MS (Lennert and Bridge 2018)

AccuTOF 4G LC-plus (JEOL, Peabody, USA) coupled with DART-SVP^TM Ion Source (IonSense, USA)

Both positive and negative ionization mode

Examination of smokeless powders and gunshot residues by capillary micro-extraction of volatiles dynamic air sampling device (Williamson and Gura 2018)

6530 Q-TOF MS (Agilent, USA) coupled to DART-SVP^TM Ion Source (IonSense, USA)

Positive and negative ionization mode at 250 °C and 200 °C respectively

Analysis of smokeless powders using thermal desorption (Lennert and Bridge 2019)

AccuTOF 4G LC-plus (JEOL, Peabody, USA) coupled with DART-SVP^TM Ion Source (IonSense, USA) with TD attachment and VAPUR® interface

Both positive and negative ionization mode

Differentiation of black powders and their substitutes from wipe-based collections (Forbes and Verkouteren 2019)

IRTD unit {twin tube near-infrared emitter (Heraeus Noblelight America, USA)}, coupled to DART-SVP^TM Ion Source (IonSense, USA) and AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

Negative ionization mode