Table 6 Applications of varied Explosive compounds, the type of mass analyzer and the Ionisation mode used for their analysis
Application | Mass analyzer | Ionization mode in DART source | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
To study the ionization mechanism of LC/NI-APPI-MS by NI-DART | JMS-T100LC orthogonal TOF-MS (JEOL, Peabody, USA) | Negative ionization mode | (Song and Dykstra 2008) |
Detection of organic nitrate and peroxide based explosive compounds, produced by negative mode and positive mode, respectively using helium gas and dopant additions | AccuTOF-DART-MS | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Nilles and Connell 2010) |
Direct examination of pre-and post-blast residues from various surfaces like metals, wood, glass, foam, asphalt, tape, polymer/metal wires, batteries, synthetic skin substrate, etc. | AccuTOF-DART-MS | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Nilles and Connell 2010) |
LC-plus JMS-T100LP AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA) along with a Vapur® API interface Ion Source (IonSense, USA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Sisco and Forbes 2015) | |
DART-SVPâ„¢ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to a ThermoFisher Scientific Q Exactiveâ„¢ (Orbitrap) mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) | Positive ionization mode | (Black 2019) | |
Thermo LTQ XL mass spectrometer coupled with DART-SVPâ„¢ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) | Positive (HMTD) and negative (TNT, TDX, PETN) ionization mode | (Frazier and Benefield 2020) | |
Detection of nitro-organic and peroxide explosives from the residue due to finger contact | API Ion Source (IonSense, USA) and a JMS-T100LP AccuTOF (JEOL, Japan) | Positive (TATP) and negative (nitro-organic explosives) ionization mode | (Rowell and Seviour 2012) |
Determination of the most efficient experimental parameter for the screening of nitroaromatics, ringed nitro compounds, straight-chain nitro compounds, and peroxide-containing explosives | JMS-T100LC AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, MA) coupled with an IonSense (Saugus, MA, USA) DART100 source | Positive (peroxide explosives) and negative (nitro-organic explosives) ionization mode | (Sisco and Dake 2013) |
Extraction of a single particle from the surface of interest using DART coupled to direct analyte-probed nano-extraction (DAPNe) | DART Ion Source (IonSense, USA) and JMS-T100LC AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, MA) | Positive ionization mode | (Clemons and Dake 2013) |
Detection of explosive residues, from surfaces and within solutions | DART Ion Source (IonSense, USA) and JMS-T100LC AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, MA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Swider 2013) |
Impact of humidity on the DART-MS ion abundance | DART-SVPâ„¢ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) with an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) | Positive ionization mode | (Newsome and Ackerman 2014) |
Detection and desorption efficiency of the explosive and its precursor from a Teflon substrate | JEOL AccuTOF LC-plus JMS-T100LP TOF-MS (JEOL, Peabody, MA) coupled with a Vapur® API interface (IonSense, Saugus, MA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Sisco and Forbes 2015) |
Scanning signatures of nitrate ester explosives in the presence of confounding sugar alcohol precursors and partially-nitrated or dimerized by-products | LC-plus JMS-T100LP AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA) coupled with a Vapur® API interface Ion Source (IonSense, USA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Sisco and Forbes 2015) |
Vapur interface Ion Source (IonSense, USA) and JMS-T100LP AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Forbes and Sisco 2015) | |
DART-MS coupled with Raman spectroscopy to produce orthogonal signatures from ammunitions like grenades, and rockets | DART-SVPâ„¢ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) interfaced to LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, USA) in combination with Raman microscopy | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Bridoux and Schwarzenberg 2016) |
Enhancement of compound (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) identification using DART-MS and isotope pattern matching | JMS-T100LP AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA) with a DART Ion Source (IonSense, USA) | Negative ionization mode | (Liu and Sun 2016) |
Detection of nitrate-, chlorate-, and perchlorate-based oxidizers by distinguishing the regimes of vapor generation and thermal decomposition | DART Ion Source (IonSense, USA) with a Vapur hydrodynamic-assist interface (IonSense) and orthogonal JMS-T100LP AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Forbes and Sisco 2017) |
Use of IRTD coupled with DART-MS for analysis of wipe-based samples by the aid of elevated heating | IRTD-DART-MS with JMS-T100LP AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Forbes and Sisco 2018) |
Use of nitrogen as the ionization gas | IRTD-DART-MS | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (Forbes and Sisco 2018) |
TD-DART-MS | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (An and Liu 2019) | |
Examination of post-blast residues from peroxide-based homemade explosives | DART-SVPTM Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to a Q Exactiveâ„¢ (Orbitrap) mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) | Positive ionization mode | |
Use of wipe sampling with dry cotton swabs for the analysis of post-blast debris produced superior results | DART-SVPTM Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to a Q Exactive™ (Orbitrap) mass spectrometer | Positive ionization mode | (Black and D’Souza 2019) |
Screening of the post-blast debris from polymer materials by the use of multivariate statistics and Kendrick mass defect analysis tool | Linear trapping quadrupole 161 (LTQ)-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) | Positive ionization mode | (Gaiffe and Cole 2019) |
Systematic analysis of explosives with helium gas using TD-DART | DART Ion Source coupled to Agilent 6520 Q-TOF mass spectrometer by a Vapur® hydrodynamic assist interface (IonSense, USA) | Both positive and negative ionization mode | (An and Liu 2019) |
Characterization of sampling introduction platforms which can be coupled to DART-MS | Thermo LTQ XL mass spectrometer coupled with DART-SVPâ„¢ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) | Positive (HMTD) and negative (TNT, TDX, PETN) ionization mode | (Frazier and Benefield 2020) |
Analysis of screen wipe samples of seized packages by IRTD-DART-MS | Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based inorganic oxidizer detector and {IRTD glass-mica bottom plate (Hereaus-Nobelight America, USA)} coupled with DART-MS | Negative ionization mode | (Bezemer and Forbes 2020) |