Table 5 Experimentally found LOD for various drug samples spiked with methanol in different matrices
Drug category | Compound | Approx. LOD | Ionization mode in DART source |
|---|---|---|---|
1. Cocaine and its metabolites from urine (Jagerdeoa and Abdel-Rehim 2009) | Ecgonine methyl ester (EME) | 22.9 ng/mL | Positive ionization mode |
Benzoylecgonine (BZE) | 23.7 ng/mL | ||
Cocaine (C) | 4.0 ng/mL | ||
Coca ethylene (CE) | 9.8 ng/mL | ||
2. Anti-diabetic drugs (Zhou and Zhang 2011) | Metformin | 100 ng/mL | Positive ionization mode |
Nateglinide | 100 ng/mL | ||
Gliclazide | 20 ng/mL | ||
Rosiglitazone | 20 ng/mL | ||
Glibenclamide | 1000 ng/mL | ||
Glipizide | 500 ng/mL | ||
Gliquidone | 200 ng/mL | ||
3. Codeine and its derivatives (Howlett and Steiner 2011) | Oxycodone | 0.3 mg/mL | Positive ionization mode |
Hydrocodone | 0.7 mg/mL | ||
Codeine | 0.5 mg/mL | ||
4. Opioids (Lim and Rowell 2013 ) | 6-MAM | 200 ng | Positive ionization mode |
Heroin | 1000 ng | ||
Methadone | 2 ng | ||
Nicotine | 20 ng | ||
Noscapine | 20 ng | ||
5. Nicotine (Kuki and Nagy 2015) | Nicotine | 0.1 ng/cm2 | Positive ionization mode |
6. Date rape drugs (Chen and Hsu 2016) | p-Chloroamphetamine | 1404 ng/mL | Positive ionization mode |
4-Fluoromethamphetamine | 112 ng/mL | ||
Ketamine | 527 ng/mL | ||
Methylone | 20 ng/mL | ||
3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone | 100 ng/mL | ||
p-Methylethcathinone | 50 ng/mL | ||
Methamphetamine | 65 ng/mL | ||
Nimetazepam | 153 ng/mL | ||
γ-Hydroxybutyrate | 703 ng/mL | Negative ionization mode | |
7. Fentanyl and Fentanyl analogues (synthetic opioids) (Sisco and Verkouteren 2017) | Acetyl Fentanyl | 0.222 ng | Positive ionization mode |
Acryl Fentanyl | 0.145 ng | ||
Benzyl Fentanyl | 0.0864 ng | ||
Butyryl Fentanyl | 0.140 ng | ||
Carfentanil | 0.197 ng | ||
Cyclopentyl Fentanyl | 0.165 ng | ||
Despropionyl Fentanyl | 0.160 ng | ||
Fentanyl | 0.142 ng | ||
ortho-Fluorobutyryl Fentanyl | 0.296 ng | ||
para-Fluoroisobutyryl Fentanyl | 0.351 ng | ||
Furanyl Fentanyl | 0.199 ng | ||
β-Hydroxythiofentanyl | 0.292 ng | ||
Isobutyryl Fentanyl | 0.183 ng | ||
4-Methoxy Butyryl Fentanyl | 0.101 ng | ||
4-Methoxy Fentanyl | 0.262 ng | ||
trans-3-Methyl Fentanyl | 0.144 ng | ||
Valeryl Fentanyl | 0.0807 ng | ||
Buprenorphine | 0.473 ng | ||
Heroin | 2.55 ng | ||
Methadone | 0.0529 ng | ||
Naloxone | 0.0930 ng | ||
8. Rodenticides (Robinson and Sisco 2018) | Brodifacoum | 14.8 ng | Positive ionization mode |
Bromadiolone | 24.6 ng | ||
Chlorophacinone | 81.0 ng | ||
Difenacoum | 4.7 ng | ||
Diphacinone | 12.9 ng | ||
Pindone | 15.0 ng | ||
9. Benzodiazepines (Jones and Sisco 2020) | Alprazolam | 0.2 ng | Positive ionization mode |
Bromazepam | 0.50 ng | ||
Clonazolam | 1.00 ng | ||
Deschloroetizolam | 0.10 ng | ||
Diclazepam | 0.10 ng | ||
Estazolam | 0.20 ng | ||
Etizolam | 0.10 ng | ||
Flunitrazepam | 0.10 ng | ||
Lorazepam | 1.00 ng | ||
Midazolam | 0.10 ng | ||
Nimetazepam | 0.10 ng | ||
Oxazepam | 0.50 ng | ||
Temazepam | 0.2 ng | ||
Zolazepam | 0.05 g |