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Table 3 Applications of various psychoactive plants and the technique used for their analysis, along with the conclusion of the study

From: Application of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic science: a comprehensive review

Application

Technique

Conclusion

Differentiation of seeds from Datura genus by seed analysis (Lesiak and Cody 2015)

DART SVP100™ Ion Source (Ionsense, USA) coupled to AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

The variance of Principal Components (PCs) was 98.02% and, the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was 89.26%.

Identification of psychoactive pepper from a variety of supplements (Lesiak and Musah 2016)

DART-SVP™ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to AccuTOF-HRMS (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

The variance of principal components was 70.92%, and the LOOCV was 95.72%

To measure Mitragynine in kratom plants (Fowble and Musah 2019)

DART-SVP™ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to AccuTOF-HRMS (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

The linear range of quantification was 5-100 μg m/L mitragynine in methanol extracts with an LLOQ of 5 μg m/L. The lowest concentration was found in the dried leaves of the live plant and the highest in the capsules, with a range of 2.76–20.05 mg/g

Detection of atropine and scopolamine from twenty-four nightshade plant species by directly testing the cross-section of the seeds (Beyramysoltan and Abdul-Rahman 2019)

DART-SVPTM Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to AccuTOF-HRMS (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

Mass measurements were in the range m/z 40-700 of seeds of species in five genera, namely Atropa, Brugmansia, Datura, Hyoscyamus, and Mandragora

Differentiation of species of 11 different psychoactive plants using SPME sampling (Appley and Beyramysoltan 2019)

DART-SVP™ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

The relative importance of the various m/z values were explored by PCA and RD results

Differentiation of hemp cultivars by temperature programmed using ionRocket for thermal desorption (Dong and Liang 2019)

DART Ion Source (Ionsense, USA) equipped with a Thermo LTQ XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, USA)

A 99.3 ± 0.3% classification accuracy was obtained

To quantify mescaline in cacti of the Echinopsis genus (Longo and Musah 2020)

DART-SVPTM Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to AccuTOF-HRMS (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

As per the FDA guidelines, the mean relative errors and coefficients of variance were all within 15%. But, the LLOQ samples were within 20%. Quantification of mescaline was in the range of 1–100 ppm

Analysis of different Ayahuasca plant species, containing N, N-dimethyltryptamine (Zhou and Wang 2020)

DART-SVP™ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA)

The micro punching technique took around 0.01 mL or 2–3 mg of the sample and dissolved it in 1 mL of methanol. The concentration of the drug was approximately 0.5–2 mg/mL