Table 2 Different techniques used for the screening of THC, its derivatives, synthetic cannabinoids, and cannabimimetic

Musah and Domin (2012)

DART SVP100™ Ion Source (Ionsense, USA) interfaced to AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

Cannabinoids mixed with botanical material were tested. Due to the lack of pure samples, only tentative identification of individual cannabinoids within the mixture was possible.

Takahashi and Uchiyama (2013)

JMS-T100LC AccuTOF (JEOL, JAPAN)

JWH-213, a designer drug, was detected in herbal products.

Duvivier and van Beek (2014)

DART-SVP™ Ion Source (IonSense, USA) coupled to an Exactive Orbitrap HRMS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA)

Pre-screening for THC without sample preparation was done by probing complete locks of hair using DART-MS.

Jacobs and Steiner (2014)

DART SVP100™ Ion Source (Ionsense, USA) interfaced to AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA)

The chromophore formed during the Duquenois-Levine test with marijuana sample was detected and characterized for its structure.

Lesiak and Musah (2014)

AccuTOF (JEOL, Peabody, USA) configured with a DART-SVP^TM Ion Source (IonSense, USA)

Identification of Cannabinoids in commercially available herbal spice products, concentrations within the range of 4–141 mg/g of material

Habala and Valentová (2016)

LTQ Orbitrap XL™ Hybrid Ion Trap-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific™) configured with a DART-SVP™ Ion Source (IonSense, USA)

Six synthetic cannabinoids were identified from herbal material, either directly as plant parts or as an extract in methanol.

Davidson and Sasiene (2020)

Pro Linear Ion-Trap (LIT) mass-spectrometer operated with Heated-Electrospray Ionization (HESI) source. An Agilent Technologies 6538 UHD Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer operated DART SVP100™ Ion Source (Ionsense, USA) mounted to the Q-TOF with a Vapur® interface (IonSense, USA).

The fragmentation pathway was identified for the identification of novel N-alkylated synthetic cathinone.