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Table 1 Evolution of reference planes (Teja and Teja 2013)

From: Orthodontists in forensic facial approximation (FFA): current inter-disciplinary perspective

Year

Scientist name

Reference plane

Figure

1786

Petrus Camper

Nasal spine to center of auditory meatus

“Modern science of anthropometry”

Fig. 1a

1795

Geoffroy de St. Hilaire

Auditory opening to free margin of incisor teeth

Fig. 1b

1862

Broca

Alveolo–condylar plane–condyles to alveolar border of upper jaw “French horizontal”

Fig. 1c

1884

International Anthropological Association

From superior-most point of external auditory meatus (Porion) to most inferior point on bony orbit margin (Orbitale)

Fig. 1d