Reference | Firearm/ammunition used | Technique | Target | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capannesi et al. (1993) | Not stated | NAA | • White cotton cloth | • Quantified Sb concentration around a bullet entrance hole at a firing distance of 16.5 cm (first shot) and 26.7 cm (second shot) |
Santos et al. (2007) | 6.35 mm pistol | ICP-MS | • Cotton tissue | • Quantified Pb, Ba, and Sb at a firing distance of 20 cm to 80 cm from the target at a radial distance of 1.5 cm to 5.5 cm from the bullet entrance hole |
Gagliano-candela et al. (2008) | Colt 38 special | AAS | • Whatman paper on polystyrene support | • Determined the concentration of Pb on a target at a firing distance of up to 100 cm |
Mou et al. (2008) | Remington model 552 rifle (0.22 caliber) | AFM and FTIR/ATR | • Polyethylene and aluminum foil sheet | • Characterized GSR particles at a firing distance of 0.5 ft, 2 ft, 10 ft, and 20 ft • AFM images revealed varying shapes of the GSR particle with size and density inversely proportional to shooting distance |
Bresson and Franck (2009) | Glock 26 semi-automatic pistol | Ballistic experiment | • Concrete wall | • Estimated the shooting distance from the impacting velocity of a bullet |
Cecchetto et al. (2011) | 7.65 mm pistol | Micro-CT | • Human leg | • Firing distance up to 40 cm was estimated through GSR analysis in an intermediate gunshot wound |
Barth et al. (2012) | Glock model 19 semi-automatic pistol with different ammunition (9 mm × 19 GECO FMJ, 9 mm × 19 Sintox FMJ, and 9 mm × 19 Sintox forensic FMJ) | m-XRF | • 100% cotton denim • A mixture of knitted 50% polyester and 50% acrylic fiber • 100% acetate satin | • Estimated the range of fire up to 80 cm from the target |
Turillazzi et al. (2013) | 9 × 21 mm and 7.65 mm caliber handgun | Laser confocal microscopy and ICP-AES | • Pig skin | • Obtained a greater concentration of the elemental trio (Pb, Ba, and Sb) in a close-range shot relative to mid and far-range shots for both firearms |
Gradaščević et al. (2013) | Pistol Crvena zastava M70/7.65 × 17 mm; Pistol Crvena zastava M57/7.62 × 25 mm; 9 mm luger pistol/9 × 19 mm; automated rifle/7.62 × 39 mm | AAS | • Pig skin | • Estimated shooting distance in contact (5 cm) and near contact (10 cm) shot using GSR obtained from a bullet entrance hole |
Hinrichs et al. (2016) | .38 special revolver/.38 cartridge | VP-SEM | • Cotton and polyester textiles | • Obtained the pattern of GSR distribution with low vacuum SEM images • Estimated firing distance using the decay length of GSR distribution pattern |
Zapata et al. (2018) | Glock G17 pistol and 9 × 19 mm semi-jacketed hollow point ammunition | Multi-spectral imaging | • Cloth (white cotton fabric) | • Estimated the shooting distance of up to 220 cm |
Leiva et al. (2019) | Revolver Taurus caliber with .38 ammunition | XRD | • Cotton-polyester fabric | • Quantified GSR and estimated the shooting distance up to 300 cm |
Pyl et al. (2019) | 9 mm pistol; Rossi revolver 0.357 magnum | LIBS | • Cotton textiles | • Produced permanent chemical images of residues for the correct classification of shooting distances |