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Table 2 Spectroscopic analysis of GSR for SDE

From: Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review

Reference

Firearm/ammunition used

Technique

Target

Findings

Capannesi et al. (1993)

Not stated

NAA

• White cotton cloth

• Quantified Sb concentration around a bullet entrance hole at a firing distance of 16.5 cm (first shot) and 26.7 cm (second shot)

Santos et al. (2007)

6.35 mm pistol

ICP-MS

• Cotton tissue

• Quantified Pb, Ba, and Sb at a firing distance of 20 cm to 80 cm from the target at a radial distance of 1.5 cm to 5.5 cm from the bullet entrance hole

Gagliano-candela et al. (2008)

Colt 38 special

AAS

• Whatman paper on polystyrene support

• Determined the concentration of Pb on a target at a firing distance of up to 100 cm

Mou et al. (2008)

Remington model 552 rifle (0.22 caliber)

AFM and FTIR/ATR

• Polyethylene and aluminum foil sheet

• Characterized GSR particles at a firing distance of 0.5 ft, 2 ft, 10 ft, and 20 ft

• AFM images revealed varying shapes of the GSR particle with size and density inversely proportional to shooting distance

Bresson and Franck (2009)

Glock 26 semi-automatic pistol

Ballistic experiment

• Concrete wall

• Estimated the shooting distance from the impacting velocity of a bullet

Cecchetto et al. (2011)

7.65 mm pistol

Micro-CT

• Human leg

• Firing distance up to 40 cm was estimated through GSR analysis in an intermediate gunshot wound

Barth et al. (2012)

Glock model 19 semi-automatic pistol with different ammunition (9 mm × 19 GECO FMJ, 9 mm × 19 Sintox FMJ, and 9 mm × 19 Sintox forensic FMJ)

m-XRF

• 100% cotton denim

• A mixture of knitted 50% polyester and 50% acrylic fiber

• 100% acetate satin

• Estimated the range of fire up to 80 cm from the target

Turillazzi et al. (2013)

9 × 21 mm and 7.65 mm caliber handgun

Laser confocal microscopy and ICP-AES

• Pig skin

• Obtained a greater concentration of the elemental trio (Pb, Ba, and Sb) in a close-range shot relative to mid and far-range shots for both firearms

Gradaščević et al. (2013)

Pistol Crvena zastava M70/7.65 × 17 mm; Pistol Crvena zastava M57/7.62 × 25 mm; 9 mm luger pistol/9 × 19 mm; automated rifle/7.62 × 39 mm

AAS

• Pig skin

• Estimated shooting distance in contact (5 cm) and near contact (10 cm) shot using GSR obtained from a bullet entrance hole

Hinrichs et al. (2016)

.38 special revolver/.38 cartridge

VP-SEM

• Cotton and polyester textiles

• Obtained the pattern of GSR distribution with low vacuum SEM images

• Estimated firing distance using the decay length of GSR distribution pattern

Zapata et al. (2018)

Glock G17 pistol and 9 × 19 mm semi-jacketed hollow point ammunition

Multi-spectral imaging

• Cloth (white cotton fabric)

• Estimated the shooting distance of up to 220 cm

Leiva et al. (2019)

Revolver Taurus caliber with .38 ammunition

XRD

• Cotton-polyester fabric

• Quantified GSR and estimated the shooting distance up to 300 cm

Pyl et al. (2019)

9 mm pistol; Rossi revolver 0.357 magnum

LIBS

• Cotton textiles

• Produced permanent chemical images of residues for the correct classification of shooting distances