Table 1 Studies summary on sex determination using molecular analysis in forensic dentistry

1

(Reddy et al. 2011)

Epithelial cells from toothbrush

N/A

30 individuals using toothbrush in 1-week period

− 0.86–29.32 ng/μl

No storage time, after 1 month storage, 2 months storage

Chelex 100

Sex determining on Y chromosome region (SRY gene)

RT-PCR

Sensitivity 100%, specificity 73,3%, all males subject identified, 4 from 15 female wrongly identified as males

SRY gene detection with PCR was a valuable and sensitive procedure but minute contamination can alter the result. Toothbrush can be used as a source for gender identification

2

(Zapico and Ubelaker 2013)

Dentin and Pulp

39–70

Two incisors and 12 molars

24.2 and 57 μg/ml. Lower values: 1.15–9.27 μg/ml

None

Silica-based method

Two different regions of the amelogenin gene

PCR

DNA extraction was successful in almost all samples; sex determination was successful 100% with both AMEL primers

A person’s ex was possible to determine by analyzing dental pulp and dentin in a minimal amount

3

(Nakanishi et al. 2015)

Intraoral epithelial cells

N/A

20 males and 20 females

1 ng (minimum template DNA 0.2 ng)

DNA was degraded with 0.2 or 0.4 J ultraviolet irradiation then compared with normal DNA

Silica-coated magnetic particles.

Detection number of the amelogenin-X chromosomes without CNV

RT-PCR

20 males and 20 females were determined accurately

Sex determination method by the number of X chromosomes which can determine female gender directly for forensic sex determination tools.

4

(Chauhan et al. 2016)

Saliva from dental prosthesis

N/A

3 saliva samples (5 ml each) with six separated dental prosthesis

N/A

Six separated dental prothesis dip in three saliva samples for 15 min, then remain drying at room temperature

Silica-based method

13 core CODIS loci, D2S1338, D19S433, and amelogenin

PCR

DNA extraction result was 100%; sex identification was 100%

Dental prosthesis patients can be used as a genomic DNA source and adequate for further forensic analysis

5

(Kholief et al. 2017)

Dental pulp

19–58

40 sound and carious freshly extracted teeth, male and female

N/A

None

Silica-based method

DYS14 and SRY gene

PCR

DNA extraction was 100% successful, sex determination 100% success with no false positive or false negative result

Dental pulp was a very reliable source for DNA. SYS14 and SRY genes were efficient for sex determination

6

(Srivastava et al. 2017)

Mesiodens teeth

N/A

8 extracted human mesiodens teeth

4–14 ng/μl, 2 samples below the detection level

None

Phenol-chloroform

Amelogenin gene

PCR

37.5% of samples, DNA, cannot be extracted; 75% of samples were successfully identified male and female

Mesiodens were a good source for DNA and for sex identification using PCR analysis

7

(Dutta et al. 2017)

Dental pulp/dentine

N/A

50 samples of sound and carious, mostly premolars and molars

N/A

Samples group as immerged in seawater, desiccated for 1 month and 3 months, respectively, incinerated 500–1050 °C for constant 5 min and 500 °C and 600 °C for 10 min

Phenol-chloroform

Amelogenin gene

PCR

100% retrieval of genomic DNA and gender determination

Extreme environment on the human dentition is often found so it is worthwhile to be studied in teeth. Targeting amelogenin gene locus in forensic dentistry was one of the reliable methods.

8

(Chowdhury et al. 2018)

Dental pulp and teeth which undergo artificial forensic environment

N/A

130 premolars (10 immediately extirpated, 120 teeth were grouping)

Dental pulp fresh 70.22 μg/ml; desiccated 26.86–35.09 μg/ml, submerged in salt water 16.09–25.28 μg/ml; buried in soil 11.09–18.69 μg/ml, 150–350 °C 0–26.19 μg/ml

Samples group as desiccated at room temperature (30–90 days), submerged in salt water, buried in soil 30 and 90 days, respectively, and subjected to high temperature 150 °C and 350 °C

Phenol chloroform

Amelogenin gene

PCR

DNA extraction was successful in almost all samples except for teeth heated 350 °C. Sex determination of all samples was 100% in sensitivity and specificity value

Teeth were a potent DNA source and resist in extreme conditions and can be used to determine sex.

9

(Bharath et al. 2019)

Epithelial cells from a removable partial denture

24–81

30 healthy male-female maxillary partial denture

2.17–117.57 ng/μl; purity 1.5–2.08

Samples collected after 24 h of prothesis insertion

Chelex 100

SRY gene

RT-PCR

The accuracy was 100% in sex determination

DNA can be obtained from a removable partial denture in forensic identification, and the SRY gene was a male-specific marker that gives 100% accuracy for sex identification

10

(Lim et al. 2019)

Teeth

N/A

17 extracted teeth with and without caries

Clear band showed in concentration ranging from 27.3 to 130.6 ng/μl. Not successfully visualized ranging from 3.8 to 24.0 ng/μl. Purity 1.30–1.88

Sample group as teeth, burnt 100–500 °C (2 min) and 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C (2–10 min, respectively)

Phenol-chloroform

Amelogenin gene

Nested PCR

76.47% samples were accurately identified. Sensitivity 63.64%, Specificity 100%. In degraded samples, the amelogenin gene alone was not reliable

Sex typing can be assessed from burn teeth, and nested PCR was a useful technique in amplifying degraded genetic materials